25)host
host is a simple utility
for performing DNS lookups. It is normally used to convert names to IP
addresses and vice versa. When no arguments or options are given, host
prints a short summary of its command line arguments and options.
for performing DNS lookups. It is normally used to convert names to IP
addresses and vice versa. When no arguments or options are given, host
prints a short summary of its command line arguments and options.
Example:
$ host mail.yahoo.commail.yahoo.com is an alias for login.yahoo.com.login.yahoo.com is an alias for login-global.yahoo8.akadns.net.login-global.yahoo8.akadns.net is an alias for login.yahoo.akadns.net.login.yahoo.akadns.net has address 69.147.112.160
24)dig
dig (domain information groper) is a flexible tool for interrogating DNS
name servers. It performs DNS lookups and displays the answers that are
returned from the name server(s) that were queried. Most DNS
administrators use dig to troubleshoot DNS problems because of its
flexibility, ease of use and clarity of output. Other lookup tools tend
to have less functionality than dig.
; <<>> DiG 9.4.1-P1 <<>> mail.yahoo.com;; global options: printcmd;; Got answer:;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 9867;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 4, AUTHORITY: 8, ADDITIONAL: 8
;; QUESTION SECTION:;mail.yahoo.com. IN A
;; ANSWER SECTION:mail.yahoo.com. 195 IN CNAME login.yahoo.com.login.yahoo.com. 65 IN CNAME login-global.yahoo8.akadns.net.login-global.yahoo8.akadns.net. 122 IN CNAME login.yahoo.akadns.net.login.yahoo.akadns.net. 51 IN A 69.147.112.160
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:akadns.net. 84671 IN NS zc.akadns.org.akadns.net. 84671 IN NS zd.akadns.org.akadns.net. 84671 IN NS eur1.akadns.net.akadns.net. 84671 IN NS use3.akadns.net.akadns.net. 84671 IN NS usw2.akadns.net.akadns.net. 84671 IN NS asia9.akadns.net.akadns.net. 84671 IN NS za.akadns.org.akadns.net. 84671 IN NS zb.akadns.org.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:za.akadns.org. 23366 IN A 195.219.3.169zb.akadns.org. 23366 IN A 206.132.100.105zc.akadns.org. 23366 IN A 61.200.81.111zd.akadns.org. 23366 IN A 63.209.3.132eur1.akadns.net. 17773 IN A 213.254.204.197use3.akadns.net. 17773 IN A 204.2.178.133usw2.akadns.net. 17773 IN A 208.185.132.166asia9.akadns.net. 17773 IN A 220.73.220.4
;; Query time: 27 msec;; SERVER: 24.92.226.9#53(24.92.226.9);; WHEN: Mon Aug 20 13:34:17 2007;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 421
23)mkdir
The mkdir utility creates the directories named as operands, in the order
specified, using mode ``rwxrwxrwx'' (0777) as modified by the current
umask(2).
specified, using mode ``rwxrwxrwx'' (0777) as modified by the current
umask(2).
Example:
$ mkdir test$ ls -l | grep testdrwxr-xr-x 2 owner group 512 Aug 20 13:35 test
22)rm
The rm utility attempts to remove the non-directory type files specified on
the command line. If the permissions of the file do not permit writ-
ing, and the standard input device is a terminal, the user is prompted
(on the standard error output) for confirmation.
the command line. If the permissions of the file do not permit writ-
ing, and the standard input device is a terminal, the user is prompted
(on the standard error output) for confirmation.
Example (file):
$ rm test2$ ls -l | grep test2
Example (dir):what you get when you try to rm a dir is:
$ rm testrm: test: is a directory
to get around this do:
$ rm -r test$ ls -l | grep test
21)cp
In the first synopsis form, the cp utility copies the contents of the
source_file to the target_file. In the second synopsis form, the con-
tents of each named source_file is copied to the destination
target_directory. The names of the files themselves are not changed. If
cp detects an attempt to copy a file to itself, the copy will fail.
source_file to the target_file. In the second synopsis form, the con-
tents of each named source_file is copied to the destination
target_directory. The names of the files themselves are not changed. If
cp detects an attempt to copy a file to itself, the copy will fail.
Example:
$ cp test test2$ ls -l | grep test-rw-r--r-- 1 owner group 0 Aug 20 13:40 test-rw-r--r-- 1 owner group 0 Aug 20 13:41 test2
copy a directory do:
$ cp -r test test2$ ls -l | grep testdrwxr-xr-x 2 owner group 512 Aug 20 13:42 testdrwxr-xr-x 2 owner group 512 Aug 20 13:42 test2
20)grep
grep searches the named input FILEs (or standard input if no files are
named, or the file name - is given) for lines containing a match to the
given PATTERN. By default, grep prints the matching lines.
named, or the file name - is given) for lines containing a match to the
given PATTERN. By default, grep prints the matching lines.
Example:
$ lsexample test three$ ls | grep ththree
19)ls
For each operand that names a file of a type other than directory, ls
displays its name as well as any requested, associated information. For
each operand that names a file of type directory, ls displays the names
of files contained within that directory, as well as any requested,
asso- ciated information.
displays its name as well as any requested, associated information. For
each operand that names a file of type directory, ls displays the names
of files contained within that directory, as well as any requested,
asso- ciated information.
Example:
$ lsexample test three$ ls -ltotal 0-rw-r--r-- 1 owner group 0 Aug 20 13:44 example-rw-r--r-- 1 owner group 0 Aug 20 13:44 test-rw-r--r-- 1 owner group 0 Aug 20 13:44 three
18)startx
The startx script is a front end to xinit that provides a somewhat nicer
user interface for running a single session of the X Window Sys- tem.
It is often run with no arguments.
user interface for running a single session of the X Window Sys- tem.
It is often run with no arguments.
Example:
To use startx user most have .xinitrc file in there home directory. Examples of the file are:
$ cat ~/.xinitrcexec fluxbox(this will start fluxbox)$ cat ~/.xinitrcexec gnome-session(this will start gnome)$ cat ~/.xinitrcexec startkde(this will start kde)
17)nano
nano is a small, free and friendly editor which aims to replace Pico, the
default editor included in the non-free Pine package. Rather than just
copying Pico's look and feel, nano also implements some missing (or
disabled by default) features in Pico, such as "search and replace" and
"go to line and column number".
default editor included in the non-free Pine package. Rather than just
copying Pico's look and feel, nano also implements some missing (or
disabled by default) features in Pico, such as "search and replace" and
"go to line and column number".
Example:
$nano test
(will open test file for edit to exit type: Ctrl+X)
*)vi
Vi is a screen oriented text editor. Ex is a line-oriented text edi- tor.
Ex and vi are different interfaces to the same program, and it is
possible to switch back and forth during an edit session. View is the
equivalent of using the -R (read-only) option of vi.
Ex and vi are different interfaces to the same program, and it is
possible to switch back and forth during an edit session. View is the
equivalent of using the -R (read-only) option of vi.
Example:
$vi test
(Added on request)to start typing on test use: i when your done type (esc) to save type :wq! to not save use :q!
16)pwd
The pwd utility writes the absolute pathname of the current working directory to the standard output.
Example:
$ pwd/usr/home/username/test
15)cat
The cat utility reads files sequentially, writing them to the standard
output. The file operands are processed in command-line order. If file
is a single dash (`-') or absent, cat reads from the standard input. If
file is a UNIX domain socket, cat connects to it and then reads it
until EOF. This complements the UNIX domain binding capability
available in inetd(8).
output. The file operands are processed in command-line order. If file
is a single dash (`-') or absent, cat reads from the standard input. If
file is a UNIX domain socket, cat connects to it and then reads it
until EOF. This complements the UNIX domain binding capability
available in inetd(8).
Example:
$ cat testthis is the contents of the file test
14)man
The man utility formats and displays the on-line manual pages. This ver-
sion knows about the MANPATH and PAGER environment variables, so you
can have your own set(s) of personal man pages and choose whatever
program you like to display the formatted pages. If section is
specified, man only looks in that section of the manual. You may also
specify the order to search the sections for entries and which
preprocessors to run on the source files via command line options or
environment variables. If enabled by the system administrator,
formatted man pages will also be compressed with the ``/usr/bin/gzip
-c'' command to save space.
sion knows about the MANPATH and PAGER environment variables, so you
can have your own set(s) of personal man pages and choose whatever
program you like to display the formatted pages. If section is
specified, man only looks in that section of the manual. You may also
specify the order to search the sections for entries and which
preprocessors to run on the source files via command line options or
environment variables. If enabled by the system administrator,
formatted man pages will also be compressed with the ``/usr/bin/gzip
-c'' command to save space.
Example:
$ man find
Show information about the command find
13)kill
The kill utility sends a signal to the processes specified by the pid op- erands.
Example:
$ kill 694
(694 is the id of the program running)
12)locate
The locate program searches a database for all pathnames which match the
specified pattern. The database is recomputed periodically (usually
weekly or daily), and contains the pathnames of all files which are
pub- licly accessible.
specified pattern. The database is recomputed periodically (usually
weekly or daily), and contains the pathnames of all files which are
pub- licly accessible.
Example:
#locate Xorg.0.log/var/log/Xorg.0.log/var/log/Xorg.0.log.old
(you man need to run /usr/libexec/locate.updatedb to update locate listing)
11)ifconfig
The ifconfig utility is used to assign an address to a network interface
and/or configure network interface parameters. The ifconfig utility
must be used at boot time to define the network address of each
interface present on a machine; it may also be used at a later time to
redefine an interface's address or other operating parameters.
and/or configure network interface parameters. The ifconfig utility
must be used at boot time to define the network address of each
interface present on a machine; it may also be used at a later time to
redefine an interface's address or other operating parameters.
Example:
# ifconfigem0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500options=18bether 00:16:41:16:28:2ainet 192.168.1.2 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseTX )status: activelo0: flags=8049 metric 0 mtu 16384inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x2inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000
10)ssh
ssh (SSH client) is a program for logging into a remote machine and for
executing commands on a remote machine. It is intended to replace
rlogin and rsh, and provide secure encrypted communications between two
untrusted hosts over an insecure network. X11 connections and arbitrary
TCP ports can also be forwarded over the secure channel.
executing commands on a remote machine. It is intended to replace
rlogin and rsh, and provide secure encrypted communications between two
untrusted hosts over an insecure network. X11 connections and arbitrary
TCP ports can also be forwarded over the secure channel.
Example:
#ssh localhostPassword:Welcome to FreeBSD-World
(you wouldn't use local host you would use the computer ip or hostname you are connecting to)
9)gzip
The gzip program compresses and decompresses files using Lempel-Ziv cod-
ing (LZ77). If no files are specified, gzip will compress from standard
input, or decompress to standard output. When in compression mode, each
file will be replaced with another file with the suffix, set by the -S
suffix option, added, if possible. In decompression mode, each file
will be checked for existence, as will the file with the suffix added.
ing (LZ77). If no files are specified, gzip will compress from standard
input, or decompress to standard output. When in compression mode, each
file will be replaced with another file with the suffix, set by the -S
suffix option, added, if possible. In decompression mode, each file
will be checked for existence, as will the file with the suffix added.
Example:
$ gzip -9 test.tartest.tar.gz
$ gzip -d test.tar.gz$ ls | grep test.tartest.tar
8)bzip2
bzip2 compresses files using the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text
compression algorithm, and Huffman coding. Compression is generally
considerably better than that achieved by more conventional
LZ77/LZ78-based compressors, and approaches the performance of the PPM
family of statistical compressors.
compression algorithm, and Huffman coding. Compression is generally
considerably better than that achieved by more conventional
LZ77/LZ78-based compressors, and approaches the performance of the PPM
family of statistical compressors.
Example:
$ bzip2 -9 test.tar$ ls | grep test.tartest.tar.bz2$ bzip2 -d test.tar.bz2$ ls | grep test.tartest.tar
7)zip
zip is a compression and file packaging utility for Unix, VMS, MSDOS, OS/2,
Windows NT, Minix, Atari and Macintosh, Amiga and Acorn RISC OS.
Windows NT, Minix, Atari and Macintosh, Amiga and Acorn RISC OS.
Example:
$ zip test.zip testadding: test/ (stored 0%)$ ls | grep testtesttest.zip$ unzip test.zipArchive: test.zip
6)tar
tar creates and manipulates streaming archive files. This implementation
can extract from tar, pax, cpio, zip, jar, ar, and ISO 9660 cdrom
images and can create tar, pax, cpio, ar, and shar archives.
can extract from tar, pax, cpio, zip, jar, ar, and ISO 9660 cdrom
images and can create tar, pax, cpio, ar, and shar archives.
Example:
$ tar -cf t2.tar example test three$ ls | grep t2t2.tar$ tar -xf t2.tar(files are now extracted)
5)mount
The mount utility calls the nmount(2) system call to prepare and graft a
special device or the remote node (rhost:path) on to the file system
tree at the point node. If either special or node are not provided, the
appropriate information is taken from the fstab(5) file.
special device or the remote node (rhost:path) on to the file system
tree at the point node. If either special or node are not provided, the
appropriate information is taken from the fstab(5) file.
Example:
# cat /etc/fstab# Device Mountpoint FStype Options Dump Pass#/dev/ad4s1b none swap sw 0 0/dev/ad4s1a / ufs rw 1 1/dev/acd0 /cdrom cd9660 ro,noauto 0 0# mount /cdrom# ls /cdrom4.1 TRANS.TBL etc# umount /cdrom# ls /cdrom#
(/cdrom is already listed in the fstab if it was not I would have to do 'mount /dev/acd0 /cdrom')
4)passwd
The passwd utility changes the user's local, Kerberos, or NIS password. If
the user is not the super-user, passwd first prompts for the current
password and will not continue unless the correct password is entered.
the user is not the super-user, passwd first prompts for the current
password and will not continue unless the correct password is entered.
Example:
$ passwdChanging local password for usernameOld Password:New Password:Retype New Password:$
3)ping
The ping utility uses the ICMP protocol's mandatory ECHO_REQUEST datagram
to elicit an ICMP ECHO_RESPONSE from a host or gateway. ECHO_REQUEST
datagrams (``pings'') have an IP and ICMP header, followed by a
``struct timeval'' and then an arbitrary number of ``pad'' bytes used
to fill out the packet.
to elicit an ICMP ECHO_RESPONSE from a host or gateway. ECHO_REQUEST
datagrams (``pings'') have an IP and ICMP header, followed by a
``struct timeval'' and then an arbitrary number of ``pad'' bytes used
to fill out the packet.
Example:
$ ping -c 5 www.yahoo.comPING www.yahoo-ht3.akadns.net (69.147.114.210): 56 data bytes64 bytes from 69.147.114.210: icmp_seq=0 ttl=47 time=48.814 ms64 bytes from 69.147.114.210: icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=32.916 ms64 bytes from 69.147.114.210: icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=32.361 ms64 bytes from 69.147.114.210: icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=33.912 ms64 bytes from 69.147.114.210: icmp_seq=4 ttl=47 time=33.846 ms
--- www.yahoo-ht3.akadns.net ping statistics ---5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0.0% packet lossround-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 32.361/36.370/48.814/6.249 ms
2)tail
The tail utility displays the contents of file or, by default, its stan- dard input, to the standard output.
1)top
Top displays the top processes on the system and periodically updates this information.
Example:
last pid: 5327; load averages: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00 up 0+04:05:41 14:30:2844 processes: 1 running, 43 sleepingCPU states: 0.2% user, 0.0% nice, 1.3% system, 0.0% interrupt, 98.5% idleMem: 198M Active, 608M Inact, 128M Wired, 26M Cache, 111M Buf, 31M FreeSwap: 1024M Total, 8K Used, 1024M Free
PID USERNAME THR PRI NICE SIZE RES STATE C TIME WCPU COMMAND694 username 1 96 0 53004K 48212K select 1 4:23 0.10% Xorg10306 username 1 96 0 7496K 4300K select 1 0:04 0.05% xterm
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